Nothing at all.
pH is a measure of acidity (pH 1 to 6) and alkalinity (pH 7 to 14)... 7 being neutral... Nothing more.
EC is the amount of salt in a liquid. The more salt, the more electricity it is able to conduct.
TDS is Total Dissolved Salts... put simply, amount of munchies available to be eaten by plants, and is measured in ppm, parts per million.
TDS and EC are reltated. TDS is an actual unit, EC is a conversion of that unit.
This value can then be converted to EC (electrical conductivity) which is a more standardized measure. Useful to communicate between growers who use different meters and conversion rates. Beware that some brands convert at a different rate, so not all EC is equal, so check you manual. So does my Adwa meters. I think Milwaukee uses 0.7 ?? dont hold me to that! though!
For instance, Hanna uses a conversion factor of 0.5, so 1000ppm is equal to EC of 500... but usually you'll see the decimal point exhibited like EC 0.5.
So for instance, if you see an EC of say 1.2, that really is 1200... which in reality means (1200/0.5 conversion rate) 2400ppm.
ppm (TDS) is a more rigorous measure
EC is a more standardized and straight forward measure.
With a TDS/EC meter you can precisely measure how much food you give your plants. So you can decide in each phase of the plants life how much food to give it. You can also try pushing your plant by over feeding until it show some burn, and pull back a notch, thus increasing yields. You can also add certain macro nutrient with a precise percentage or proportion to combat deficiencies... basically, it far more rigorous than following a feeding chart.
Hope its clear