“Mobile and immobile nutrients” refer to the transportability of these substances within the plant. This classification is primarily oriented on terrestrial plants — in aquatic plants the transportability may be somewhat different for some substances, as these plants’ entire tissues are submerged in the nutrient solution. All in all, however, a classification is possible anyway that can give clues as to the deficient nutrient. Mobile nutrients are nitrogen in the form of nitrate, phosphorus (P) in the form of phosphate, potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), chlorine (Cl), zinc (Zn) and molybdene (Mo). Calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), boron (B) and copper (Cu) are immobile.
If there is a deficiency of mobile nutrients, the symptoms are first seen in the older leaves, as the nutrients are transported to new growth from there. Deficiencies of immobile nutrients first appear in the new growth as the plant was unable to take up sufficient amounts to transport them to the new shoots.
Mobilty or immobility is always relative, plants can transport immobile nutrients to other areas by making use of chelators. Moreover, aquatic plants can absorb immobile nutrients with their foliage, i.e. directly where they are needed. A deficit of these nutrients in terrestrial plants can be amended by foliar fertilization.
For plants, besides light and carbon dioxide, nitrogen is the most important prerequisite for healthy growth, and it is the element they need the highest amounts of right next to carbon (in the form of CO2). A nitrogen deficit infringes their growth more than a phosphate deficite, and thus is frequently the reason for algae problems due to the higher plants’ stunted growth.
Plants use nitrogen for a variety of organic compounds. For example, it is a part of all amino acids. These are the basic components of proteins — without which no life would be possible. Nitrogen is also crucial to the formation of nucleic acids, chorophyll and plant hormones.
With 78%, gaseous nitrogen (N2) is the main component of air, however, plants cannot use it in this form. The most important forms of nitrogen usable by plants are nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+), moreover they can make use of urea (CH4N2O). The nitrogen cycle plays an important role in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. This cycle describes the conversion of organically bound nitrogen, urea, ammonium, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate to gaseous nitrogen, partially performed by bacterial activity. In the aquarium, rests of animal food and plant parts degrade and release ammonium, as do animal wastes. Various bacteria convert it to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate. These organic nitrogen sources, however, are frequently insufficient in tanks with low numbers of animals and strong plant growth.
Calcium is absorbed as bivalent cation Ca2+ by the plants. It is an essential phytonutrient that fulfills many functions in the organism of a plant. It is vital for cell division, for example, for the development of the cell walls and membranes, the absorption and conversion of nitrate and for the carbohydrate metabolism of the plant. Ca+ also acts as counterion for organic and inorganic anions in the cell vacuoles and as transmitter in the cell plasma. Moreover, calcium forms part of or regulates enzymes.
Calcium stored in plant tissue is no longer transportable within the plant, which makes a constant supply of this element crucial for terrestrial plants. This is less of a problem for aquatic plants, as they can absorb Ca2+ from the surrounding water through their leaves.
Natural waterbodies vary very much in their calcium concentrations, depending on the calcium content of the surrounding rocks and sediments. Typically it is around 15 mg/l, however, there are waters with a concentration of less than 1 mg/l, and in areas with rocks (predominantely limestone) and soils rich in calcium, the concentration may reach 30 and in extreme cases even 100 mg/l. The Ca2+ concentration, together with magnesium ions (Mg2+, also a macronutrient) and other alkaline earth metals, is responsible for the total hardness of the water.