I think that runoff refers to water coming out of the bottom of the pot. I think you want a fair amount of water to drain through. Say you have a 2 gallon pot you want to water slowly until a cup or two drips from the bottom.
When to water is a tough one. Depends on your medium, humidity, temps all that. Better to under water then over water. Water your plants thoroughly by giving them a good soak then leave them be for probably 2-3 days. By lifting the pot you can get a pretty good idea or stick your finger an inch down. If dirt sticks to your finger then it's probably moist. They do make moisture meters, but I'm not sure how accurate they are.
If you are growing in soil you may not want to ph your water. I hope someone else can shed light on this. From what I have read you shouldn't. When you nute at 1/2 tsp per gallon the ph of your water may be just around 6.5. Mine is, but my tap water is 8.0.
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I visited Pipeline only for an afternoon. It was magic. I didn't surf because it's way past my skill level, but it's the most beautiful beach I have ever been to. The sand is amazing. You just sink in it.
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