*pushes chin back up with right hand*
That was cool.
That was cool.
T
Trifid
Guest
Auxin and Cytokinin Activities in Plant Growth and Development
Auxins and cytokinins may trigger responses in plants either directly through stimulation or inhibition of the expression of sets of certain genes, or by means independent of gene expression. One pathway leading to the changes of gene expression involves the reception of auxin by TIR1 protein which has been demonstrated to be an auxin receptor.
On the cellular level, auxin/cytokinin activities are essential for cell proliferation, affecting both cell division and cellular expansion. Depending on the specific tissue, and auxin/cytokinin ratio, activities may promote axial elongation (as in shoots), lateral expansion (as in root swelling), or isodiametric expansion (as in fruit growth) and delay plant senescence. In some cases, auxin-promoted cellular expansion occurs in the absence of cell division. In other cases, auxin-promoted cell division and cell expansion may be closely sequenced within the same tissue (root initiation, fruit growth). In a living plant, auxins and other plant hormones nearly always appear to interact to determine patterns of plant development.
Expansion/elongation and division of plant cells lead to a magnification of plant bio-mass, and specific tissue growth contributes to the development of specific plant organs. To cause growth in the required domains, auxins must of necessity be active preferentially in them. Auxins are not synthesized in all cells (even if cells retain the potential ability to do so, only under specific conditions will auxin synthesis be activated in them). For that purpose, auxins have to be not only translocated toward those sites where they are needed, but also they must have an established mechanism to detect those sites. For that purpose, auxins have to be translocated toward those sites where they are needed. Translocation is driven throughout the plant body, primarily from peaks of shoots to peaks of roots (from up to down).
As auxins contribute to organ shaping, they are also fundamentally required for proper development of the plant itself. Auxin employment begins in the embryo of the plant, where directional distribution of auxin ushers in subsequent growth and development of primary growth poles, then forms buds of future organs. Next, it helps to coordinate proper development of the arising organs, such as roots, cotyledons and leaves and mediates long distance signals between them, contributing so to the overal architecture of the plant. Throughout the plant's life, auxin helps the plant maintain the polarity of growth, and actually "recognize" where it has its branches (or any organ) connected.Finally, the sum of auxin arriving from stems to roots influences the degree of root growth. If shoot tips are removed, the plant does not react just by outgrowth of lateral buds — which are supposed to replace to original lead. It also follows that smaller amount of auxin arriving to the roots results in slower growth of roots and the nutrients are subsequently in higher degree invested in the upper part of the plant, which hence starts grow faster.
Auxin/cytokinin activities stimulate cell elongation by inducing wall-loosening factors, such as elastins, to loosen cell walls. The effect is stronger if gibberellins are also present. Auxin also stimulates cell division if cytokinins are present. When auxin and cytokinin are applied to callus, rooting can be generated if the auxin concentration is higher than cytokinin concentration. Xylem tissues can be generated when the auxin concentration is equal to the cytokinins. Auxin also plays a role in wound setting and induces sugar and mineral accumulation at the site of application.
Rhizosphere stimulation and expansion
Auxins promote root initiation. Auxin induces both growth of pre-existing roots and adventitious root formation, i.e., branching of the roots. As more native auxin is transported down the stem to the roots, the overall development of the roots is stimulated. If the source of auxin is removed, for example the tips of stems are trimmed, the roots are less stimulated accordingly, and growth of stem is supported instead. In horticulture, auxins, especially NAA and IBA, are commonly applied to stimulate root initiation when rooting cuttings of plants. However, high concentrations of auxin inhibit root elongation and instead enhance adventitious root formation. Removal of the root tip can lead to inhibition of secondary root formation.
Apical dominance
Auxin induces shoot apical dominance; the axillary buds are inhibited by auxin, as a high concentration of auxin directly stimulates ethylene synthesis in lateral buds, causing inhibition of their growth and potentiation of apical dominance. When the apex of the plant is removed, the inhibitory effect is removed and the growth of lateral buds is enhanced.
Fruiting and flower development
Auxin and cytokinin are required for fruit growth and development and the delay of fruit senescence. For example when seeds are removed from strawberries, fruit growth is stopped; exogenous auxin stimulates the growth in fruits with seeds removed. For fruit with unfertilized seeds, exogenous auxin results in parthenocarpy ("virgin-fruit" growth). Fruits form abnormal morphologies when auxin/cytokinin transport is disturbed. In Arabidopsis fruits, auxin controls the release of seeds from the fruit (pod). The valve margins are a specialised tissue in pods that regulates when pod will open (dehiscence). Auxin must be removed from the valve margin cells to allow the valve margins to form.
Axial stem expansion and elongation
In exogenous exposure or 'supplimentation' of auxin/cytokinin ratios, activities may promote axial elongation (as in shoots), lateral expansion in early vegetative development. In some cases, auxin-promoted cellular expansion occurs in the absence of cell division. In other cases, auxin-promoted cell division and cell expansion may be closely sequenced within the same tissue. Expansion/elongation and cytokinesis (division of plant cells) lead to a magnification of plant bio-mass, and specific tissue growth which contributes to the development of specific plant organs.
Here are several examples of auxin/cytokinin induced stimulation in young vegetative plants. These three Blueberry (Royal Queen) phenos were part of an experiment to determine the effects of a high auxin-cytokinin ratio on the acceleration of growth dynamics and shoot explansion/elongation. Plant subjects were grown under cold conditions with a maximum day temperature of 12 degrees celcius and low humidity (<30%) in organic media. Varying aqueous auxin-cytokinin supernates (2:1 / 1:1 / 1:2) were prepared by freeze/thaw methodology at 30% concentration (300,000ppm). The high auxin-cytokinin supernatant (2:1) was administered to Ax-1 at 14 days, the equi-molar supernatant (1:1) applied to Eq-1 and the low auxin-cytokinin supernate applied to Cy-1 via a series of foliar applications with surfactant or 'wetting agent' (cationic surfactant 0.1%) over a three day period. Plants were re-potted into larger 2ltr containers @ day 32.
Ax-1 (left) Eq-1 (back,center) Cy-1 (right) @ 14 days
Following a five week growth phase the growth profiles and characteristics of the these plants were examined; at day 50 both the Ax-1 and Eq-1 phenotypes had gained a significant difference in vertical height of appox.10- 12'' with Ax-1 exhibiting the greatest advancement in vertical height of 12''. Multiple and profuse branching and thickening of vascular tissues and meristem are evident upon examination of these plants. Note that changes in stem vigor/expansion and inter-node spacing in these subjects is evident only from the third node.
Ax-1 @ day 50
Eq-1 @ day 50
In comparison with Ax-1 and Eq-1, the Cy-1 which received a low auxin-cytokinin treatment give only a very minimal change in vertical height of 3'' with minor stem expansion and swelling of vascular tissues. Interestingly Cy-1 was induced to flower following administration of the low auxin-cytokinin supernate (1:2) despite no obvious enhancement of vegetative bio-mass in contrast to both the Ax-1 and Eq-1 subjects that remain in the vegetative phase.
Cy-1 @ day 50
Cy-1 @ day 50
Auxins and cytokinins may trigger responses in plants either directly through stimulation or inhibition of the expression of sets of certain genes, or by means independent of gene expression. One pathway leading to the changes of gene expression involves the reception of auxin by TIR1 protein which has been demonstrated to be an auxin receptor.
On the cellular level, auxin/cytokinin activities are essential for cell proliferation, affecting both cell division and cellular expansion. Depending on the specific tissue, and auxin/cytokinin ratio, activities may promote axial elongation (as in shoots), lateral expansion (as in root swelling), or isodiametric expansion (as in fruit growth) and delay plant senescence. In some cases, auxin-promoted cellular expansion occurs in the absence of cell division. In other cases, auxin-promoted cell division and cell expansion may be closely sequenced within the same tissue (root initiation, fruit growth). In a living plant, auxins and other plant hormones nearly always appear to interact to determine patterns of plant development.
Expansion/elongation and division of plant cells lead to a magnification of plant bio-mass, and specific tissue growth contributes to the development of specific plant organs. To cause growth in the required domains, auxins must of necessity be active preferentially in them. Auxins are not synthesized in all cells (even if cells retain the potential ability to do so, only under specific conditions will auxin synthesis be activated in them). For that purpose, auxins have to be not only translocated toward those sites where they are needed, but also they must have an established mechanism to detect those sites. For that purpose, auxins have to be translocated toward those sites where they are needed. Translocation is driven throughout the plant body, primarily from peaks of shoots to peaks of roots (from up to down).
As auxins contribute to organ shaping, they are also fundamentally required for proper development of the plant itself. Auxin employment begins in the embryo of the plant, where directional distribution of auxin ushers in subsequent growth and development of primary growth poles, then forms buds of future organs. Next, it helps to coordinate proper development of the arising organs, such as roots, cotyledons and leaves and mediates long distance signals between them, contributing so to the overal architecture of the plant. Throughout the plant's life, auxin helps the plant maintain the polarity of growth, and actually "recognize" where it has its branches (or any organ) connected.Finally, the sum of auxin arriving from stems to roots influences the degree of root growth. If shoot tips are removed, the plant does not react just by outgrowth of lateral buds — which are supposed to replace to original lead. It also follows that smaller amount of auxin arriving to the roots results in slower growth of roots and the nutrients are subsequently in higher degree invested in the upper part of the plant, which hence starts grow faster.
Auxin/cytokinin activities stimulate cell elongation by inducing wall-loosening factors, such as elastins, to loosen cell walls. The effect is stronger if gibberellins are also present. Auxin also stimulates cell division if cytokinins are present. When auxin and cytokinin are applied to callus, rooting can be generated if the auxin concentration is higher than cytokinin concentration. Xylem tissues can be generated when the auxin concentration is equal to the cytokinins. Auxin also plays a role in wound setting and induces sugar and mineral accumulation at the site of application.
Rhizosphere stimulation and expansion
Auxins promote root initiation. Auxin induces both growth of pre-existing roots and adventitious root formation, i.e., branching of the roots. As more native auxin is transported down the stem to the roots, the overall development of the roots is stimulated. If the source of auxin is removed, for example the tips of stems are trimmed, the roots are less stimulated accordingly, and growth of stem is supported instead. In horticulture, auxins, especially NAA and IBA, are commonly applied to stimulate root initiation when rooting cuttings of plants. However, high concentrations of auxin inhibit root elongation and instead enhance adventitious root formation. Removal of the root tip can lead to inhibition of secondary root formation.
Apical dominance
Auxin induces shoot apical dominance; the axillary buds are inhibited by auxin, as a high concentration of auxin directly stimulates ethylene synthesis in lateral buds, causing inhibition of their growth and potentiation of apical dominance. When the apex of the plant is removed, the inhibitory effect is removed and the growth of lateral buds is enhanced.
Fruiting and flower development
Auxin and cytokinin are required for fruit growth and development and the delay of fruit senescence. For example when seeds are removed from strawberries, fruit growth is stopped; exogenous auxin stimulates the growth in fruits with seeds removed. For fruit with unfertilized seeds, exogenous auxin results in parthenocarpy ("virgin-fruit" growth). Fruits form abnormal morphologies when auxin/cytokinin transport is disturbed. In Arabidopsis fruits, auxin controls the release of seeds from the fruit (pod). The valve margins are a specialised tissue in pods that regulates when pod will open (dehiscence). Auxin must be removed from the valve margin cells to allow the valve margins to form.
Axial stem expansion and elongation
In exogenous exposure or 'supplimentation' of auxin/cytokinin ratios, activities may promote axial elongation (as in shoots), lateral expansion in early vegetative development. In some cases, auxin-promoted cellular expansion occurs in the absence of cell division. In other cases, auxin-promoted cell division and cell expansion may be closely sequenced within the same tissue. Expansion/elongation and cytokinesis (division of plant cells) lead to a magnification of plant bio-mass, and specific tissue growth which contributes to the development of specific plant organs.
Here are several examples of auxin/cytokinin induced stimulation in young vegetative plants. These three Blueberry (Royal Queen) phenos were part of an experiment to determine the effects of a high auxin-cytokinin ratio on the acceleration of growth dynamics and shoot explansion/elongation. Plant subjects were grown under cold conditions with a maximum day temperature of 12 degrees celcius and low humidity (<30%) in organic media. Varying aqueous auxin-cytokinin supernates (2:1 / 1:1 / 1:2) were prepared by freeze/thaw methodology at 30% concentration (300,000ppm). The high auxin-cytokinin supernatant (2:1) was administered to Ax-1 at 14 days, the equi-molar supernatant (1:1) applied to Eq-1 and the low auxin-cytokinin supernate applied to Cy-1 via a series of foliar applications with surfactant or 'wetting agent' (cationic surfactant 0.1%) over a three day period. Plants were re-potted into larger 2ltr containers @ day 32.
Ax-1 (left) Eq-1 (back,center) Cy-1 (right) @ 14 days
Following a five week growth phase the growth profiles and characteristics of the these plants were examined; at day 50 both the Ax-1 and Eq-1 phenotypes had gained a significant difference in vertical height of appox.10- 12'' with Ax-1 exhibiting the greatest advancement in vertical height of 12''. Multiple and profuse branching and thickening of vascular tissues and meristem are evident upon examination of these plants. Note that changes in stem vigor/expansion and inter-node spacing in these subjects is evident only from the third node.
Ax-1 @ day 50
Eq-1 @ day 50
In comparison with Ax-1 and Eq-1, the Cy-1 which received a low auxin-cytokinin treatment give only a very minimal change in vertical height of 3'' with minor stem expansion and swelling of vascular tissues. Interestingly Cy-1 was induced to flower following administration of the low auxin-cytokinin supernate (1:2) despite no obvious enhancement of vegetative bio-mass in contrast to both the Ax-1 and Eq-1 subjects that remain in the vegetative phase.
Cy-1 @ day 50
Cy-1 @ day 50
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T
Trifid
Guest
Week 9 (Day 68-75)
PineappleExpress, Blueberry and BlueHimalayanKush continue to produce fox-tail clusters lateral to the principal apex. On examination, the mature floral mass are dense and slightly abrasive to the touch with cluster formations supporting an abundance of trichomes. Color changes to the calyx of the terminal flowers (anthocyanin production) accelerated to give hues of dark green and purple.
Group photo - BlueHimalayanKush (left), Pineapple Express (right), Bluematic (front-right)
Blue Himalayan Kush - 70 days (left) fox-tail formation on BHK (right)
Despite the high cytokinin-auxin treatment administered in wk8, Smurfberry continues to produce only very minor phases of blooming which lead to a decline in further observable cluster formation and the rancidification of the some globular trichomes (oxidation of the essential oils). Rancidification of trichome fatty acids leads to a change in there appearance and aroma; chemical decomposition of the translucent oil (or 'resin') gives it an opaque or'cloudy' appearance. Further oxidation of the products of rancidification leads to further color changes from amber through crimson red. These changes are indicative of flower maturity whereby any further delay of harvest tends to lead to a drop in canabinoid potency.
Blue Himalayan Kush - 70 days
Bluematic - 68 days
Smurfberry pheno was flushed day 70 and water deprived during a three-six day dark period in an attempt to stimulate trichome production. Flowering plants received intermediate feeding of unsulphured molasses and ruby ale 30% with added amino acids (100mg - branched chain aminos) and seaweed extract <2%.
Smurfberry - 67 days
Smurfberry - 70 days
Pineapple express underwent further LST/thinning and was pruned of any yellow or unnecessary leaf materials to increase light exposure to hidden bud sites - increasing airflow under and through the main and lateral colas. These leaves were pruned only partially (leaf pruning) leaving the bulk of the leaf remaining and removing only bud-obscuring lobes. An inch layer of quartz was added to the mulch layer to create a barrier between the mulch and the lower protruding fan leaves. Addition of the pebbles has also made watering/feeding more effective since the water tends to not run down the sides of the container and diffuses more effectively into the bulk of the growing medium.
Pineapple Express (Day 68-70)
Pineapple Express (Day 70)
Plants received waterings with pH7 distilled water (0.01% bi-carbonate soda) every four days. Flowering plants were soil fed sulphate of potash 30% with added alpha-keto amino acids and pk 13/14 12% (EC = <400 or <200ppm). Mossy's Gem (day 41) is developing very slowly while it competes with the mature plants for light and growing space. The growth of this plant has been considerably slow - this under-performance is likely a result of over-feeding, pH fluctuation or watering too frequently. Mossy's Gem received regular feedings of bubbled distilled water every 48 hrs following the drying of the growing media with minor foliar feedings of 0.1% fish emulsion. Cabinet setting was adjusted to sustain a reduced humidity in the grow space to 30% with a reduction in ambient temperature of no more that 10 degrees Fahrenheit.
PineappleExpress, Blueberry and BlueHimalayanKush continue to produce fox-tail clusters lateral to the principal apex. On examination, the mature floral mass are dense and slightly abrasive to the touch with cluster formations supporting an abundance of trichomes. Color changes to the calyx of the terminal flowers (anthocyanin production) accelerated to give hues of dark green and purple.
Group photo - BlueHimalayanKush (left), Pineapple Express (right), Bluematic (front-right)
Blue Himalayan Kush - 70 days (left) fox-tail formation on BHK (right)
Despite the high cytokinin-auxin treatment administered in wk8, Smurfberry continues to produce only very minor phases of blooming which lead to a decline in further observable cluster formation and the rancidification of the some globular trichomes (oxidation of the essential oils). Rancidification of trichome fatty acids leads to a change in there appearance and aroma; chemical decomposition of the translucent oil (or 'resin') gives it an opaque or'cloudy' appearance. Further oxidation of the products of rancidification leads to further color changes from amber through crimson red. These changes are indicative of flower maturity whereby any further delay of harvest tends to lead to a drop in canabinoid potency.
Blue Himalayan Kush - 70 days
Bluematic - 68 days
Smurfberry pheno was flushed day 70 and water deprived during a three-six day dark period in an attempt to stimulate trichome production. Flowering plants received intermediate feeding of unsulphured molasses and ruby ale 30% with added amino acids (100mg - branched chain aminos) and seaweed extract <2%.
Smurfberry - 67 days
Smurfberry - 70 days
Pineapple express underwent further LST/thinning and was pruned of any yellow or unnecessary leaf materials to increase light exposure to hidden bud sites - increasing airflow under and through the main and lateral colas. These leaves were pruned only partially (leaf pruning) leaving the bulk of the leaf remaining and removing only bud-obscuring lobes. An inch layer of quartz was added to the mulch layer to create a barrier between the mulch and the lower protruding fan leaves. Addition of the pebbles has also made watering/feeding more effective since the water tends to not run down the sides of the container and diffuses more effectively into the bulk of the growing medium.
Pineapple Express (Day 68-70)
Pineapple Express (Day 70)
Plants received waterings with pH7 distilled water (0.01% bi-carbonate soda) every four days. Flowering plants were soil fed sulphate of potash 30% with added alpha-keto amino acids and pk 13/14 12% (EC = <400 or <200ppm). Mossy's Gem (day 41) is developing very slowly while it competes with the mature plants for light and growing space. The growth of this plant has been considerably slow - this under-performance is likely a result of over-feeding, pH fluctuation or watering too frequently. Mossy's Gem received regular feedings of bubbled distilled water every 48 hrs following the drying of the growing media with minor foliar feedings of 0.1% fish emulsion. Cabinet setting was adjusted to sustain a reduced humidity in the grow space to 30% with a reduction in ambient temperature of no more that 10 degrees Fahrenheit.
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Nelson
R.I.P. Gone, but not forgotten.
Just a quick question. Why do you add the wood chips? Is it to lower the nitrogen level?
T
Trifid
Guest
No worries that's a good question since i gave no plausible explanation.. I added wood chippings as a surface layer to provide a barrier between the mulch layer and the lower part of the canopy. Since i've encouraged the proliferation of soil fungus and bacteria didn't want them to invade or contaminate the bud sites. Rather i swapped them for quartz chippings which do a much better job of dispersing the fluid during feeding 
Apparently wood chipping can encourage termites as righty pointed out by Noods earlier in the thread. Hope this clears things up.
Apparently wood chipping can encourage termites as righty pointed out by Noods earlier in the thread. Hope this clears things up.
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Your plants are beautiful Trifid. 
I don't know what else to say. (I always need two days to digest your updates. lol)
Keep up all that experimenting and hard work!
I don't know what else to say. (I always need two days to digest your updates. lol)Keep up all that experimenting and hard work!
S
Skobywan
Guest
Really beautiful plants you have there mate and the level of research and thought you put into your grows is impressive. I'm looking forward to seeing your final yield.
A
Autobot
Guest
Wow mate, that's one kick-ass grow. Nearly time to take a sample too! Hats-off to ya bro
T
Trifid
Guest
Thanks everyone for your thoughts and encouragement on this. I hope my approach to this is not too overwhelming for the reader. I'm using a lot of terminology here in an attempt to communicate clearly the many details of this project. My intention here is to keep the delivery of the report as informative and coherent to my observations as possible without bombarding you with too much material. Any critiscism or advice to the layout and delivery of the thread is encouraged... Thanks for all your advice and comments guys
astronomy420a
omBUDsman
i see you have been using your cranial structure in a manner consistant with your socioeconomic background. and a sense of humor too! lol one of the best documented grows i have followed! great work mate!
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